This sounds like the browser is reporting that the extension is supported, but when trying to use it it crashes. It might be a bug with that version of Firefox.
Can you tell me if EXT_frag_depth shows up in your WebGL 1 tab on WebGL report? Also, does this demo also crash on the same devices?
I tested your link on two devices:
Galaxy S7 edge - lion is not displayed
Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 - lion is visible
Also cesium is not working on Firefox on that Galaxy S7 Edge. On Xiaomi Red Note 5 Cesium is working (Firefox). Last time I checked it on several mobile devices and it wasn't work on Samsung devices. So I guess there is problem with hardware support.
Look at webglraport for both devices in attachments.
For me it seems that there is support in Firefox for that extension but it's crashing in runtime when it is compiled.
Tested on Firefox 65.0.1 version.
For now I need a way to catch that situation and avoid crash of application.
I think you might need to create a WebGL context and attempt to render with the extension, and try/catch/see if it succeeds, to determine if the browser correctly supports it regardless of whether it reports that it supports it.