We are planning to add materials to polylines, which will allow you to make polylines dotted, glow, and other effects. MaximumAliasedLineWidth is read-only and determined by the GPU/driver, so you can’t change it. Unfortunately, it is only 1.0 on most Windows machines because of ANGLE. However, as part of the polyline material effort, we are going to implement this differently to bypass the limit.
I expect we’ll start on these changes in a few weeks. In the meantime, you can read more about the material system in general that is already available to polygons and other primitives - https://github.com/AnalyticalGraphicsInc/cesium/wiki/Fabric