Not sure if there’s an absolute specific list somewhere. You might want to quantify your question a bit more, specifically around what types of data you’re interested in.
As a rough list off the top of my head:
Terrain: Cesium’s self-defined “heightmap” and “quantized-mesh” tile formats
Imagery: Standard TMS-layout imagery tilesets containing PNG and JPG images, plus some support for Google Earth Enterprise servers
General rasters: roughly anything that can be displayed by a browser
Vectors: Cesium’s own JSON-based CZML format, and most of the KML format
3D: less familiar with this. GLTF, Cesium’s new 3DTiles format, etc.
Map images, via ImageryProviders, support Web Mercator and Equirectangular projections.
Supported vector formats CZML, GeoJSON, and KML require geometry coordinates in CRS urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC::CRS84 with optional height in meters above WGS84 ellipsoid. CZML also supports cartesian coordinates in ECEF or ECI reference frames.
Cesium supports map image data in Web Mercator or Plate Carree/Equirectangular projections. This issue captures community interest in having native support for other projections.
I think the easiest way to get it in Cesium is to reproject your imagery using a tool like GDAL before serving it in Cesium.